In August 2014 Russia introduced a food embargo. A year later came into effect a decree stipulating the destruction of all agricultural products and commodities imported into the country in violation of the contracti. What has changed since then — in the material “Kommersant”.The food embargo was introduced by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 6 August 2014 “On application of certain special economic measures to ensure security of the Russian Federation” in response to the sanctions of several countries against Russian companies, officials and businessmen because of the situation in Ukraine and joining of Crimea to Russia. Since then it has been renewed annually, most recently until December 2020.In were banned meat and dairy products, fish, vegetables and fruits, nuts, and salt. Subsequently, he was expelled seeds, fish fry, dietary Supplements and vitamin complexes, lactose-free milk and dairy products, raw materials for production of baby food.In August 2015 a new decree was ordered to destroy the products caught in Russia to bypass the embargo. In clarifying the decree of the government said that it is “in any way from compliance with mandatory requirements stipulated by the legislation in the field of environmental protection”. In practice, confiscated and destroyed by bulldozers or burned.According to Rosselkhoznadzor, during the five years of the term of the decree, Russia has destroyed 36,17 thousand tons of smuggled goods, including to 34.94 tons of vegetable origin and 1.23 million tons of animal. Crop products are often imported under the guise of other products (coffee, timber, equipment) through member countries of the EAEU. In relation to livestock were also used such schemes as false transit, re-export, the use of counterfeit veterinary certificates.Implications for strangulations center under the government of Russia in 2015 was estimated that exporting countries lost from the embargo $9.3 billion As estimated in 2016, the French Research centre for the world economy (CEPII), loss of profits from export countries that supported sanctions against Russia since the end of 2013 to mid-2015 amounted to $60,2 billion, the bulk of the losses (over 80%) occurred in goods for which the Russian embargo does not apply: in this case, exports declined at the initiative of the producers themselves.However, even the EU, which accounted for three-quarters of all losses, was able to adapt quickly and already in 2016, recorded overall growth of agricultural exports on the decline of trade with Russia.Russian experts in the Ranepa, the Gaidar Institute and the Russian Academy of foreign trade also came to the conclusion that the main initiators of sanctions against Russia, the USA, UK, Canada, Germany and France — ne suffered significant losses from the embargo since found new markets for prohibited products in Russia.Russia itself over the lifetime of bradenburg has reduced imports and increased exports of food products and agricultural raw materials.The production increase in the share of agricultural enterprises and farms.As adapted food Principessa time of sanctions Russia has increased its own production of poultry and pork.Imports declined and no longer have a significant impact on the domestic market.According to experts interviewed by the ICARUS meat market in Russia is close to saturation and the increase in production drives down prices. The best hope for increasing exports the manufacturers associated with China in the first half of 2020 accounted for half of all deliveries. Rybovalov fish and fish production in the sanctions years has changed slightly.The share of exports in real terms in recent years fluctuated in the region of 40% of the total production volume. The largest share of supply accounted for frozen fish, particularly Pollock, the main buyers — China and South Korea.In the import place Norwegian salmon took the analog from the Faroe Islands. Not placed under the counter, an Autonomous region of Denmark only in the first months after their introduction (September—December 2014) increased its sales in Russia to $79 million from $9.8 million a year earlier, not forgetting to raise selling prices for Russians. Although the overall market has stabilized, some manufacturers continue to complain about the lack of quality of fish raw material from abroad.Productfirst milk production recorded on the market of milk and dairy products, particularly cheeses. The self-sufficiency of the Russian Federation dairy products, according to 2019, more than 83%.In 2018, was recorded the lowest import of dairy products for the last 14 years — 6.5 million tons (less than was imported the last time in 2004 — 6.3 million tonnes). In 2019, according to estimates Soyuzmoloko, a little more — 7-7,1 million tons.The main external supplier of dairy products remains Belarus. In the section of the cheeses over the years, predamage of the neighboring Republic has increased its share threefold, from 25% to 85%.But not placed under embargo Switzerland are unable to take full advantage of the disappearance of cheese delicacies from Italy and France.Vegetables and fruits the moment the embargo was on the market a marked increase in the production of the most popular greenhouse vegetables. By estimations IKAR, the average annual growth in the business sector over the last five years is about 12%. The self-sufficiency of the Russian Federation on the market of tomatoes exceeded 50%, cucumbers — already close to 90%. Imported products continues to exert a strong influence on the domestic market of greenhouse production, especially in the tomato market. Among the largest suppliers — Azerbaijan, China, Morocco, the countries of the EEU. After the lifting of the ban on the market is rapidly returned to Turkey.Despite the growth of its own production (statistics 2020 spoiled spring frost), Russia remains the world’s largest importer of apples.After the introduction of predamage place Poland as the largest provider of the demand in Russia fruit took of Moldova (about one third of total imports).On the Russian fruit market more than two thirds is accounted for by imported products. Import substitution is possible only in relation to traditional country types of fruit (including perishable — only in season). Regarding the latter, the Russian growers are asking the agriculture Ministry to impose quotas on imports of apples and plums in the harvest period to reduce the excess supply.Other productin a decline in the sanctioned imports started to increase supplies to Russia of palm oil and milk powder, are used as cheap substitutes for milk fat in the production of dairy products and confectionery.To solve the government from October 1, 2019 increased VAT on palm oil from 10% to 20%.In addition, after the embargo in the Russian market began to appear “Belarusian Parmesan” and “Belarusian shrimp” — evidence of re-export of the sanctions through the territory of third countries, particularly neighboring Belarus.What has changed for lulabelle years after the embargo recorded a significant growth of prices for food products.In March 2017, experts of the Gaidar Institute, the Academy and foreign trade Academy of the Ministry of economic development reported that Russians on average have each year in addition to waste 4.4 thousand RUB due to the predamage. If it was not, the set of sanctioned goods would cost 3% less, and nesanktsionnymi — 2.9%. For the first six months of the contracti rising prices on the analogues of sanctioned goods only because of the restrictions amounted to 29.9%, and products not placed under embargo, is 5.1%. As a result, consumers switched to cheaper products of low quality.In 2019 a new attempt to assess the impact of sanctions have taken experts Polina Kuznetsova from the Academy and from Natalia Volchkova CEFIR. According to them, Russian consumers lose each year to 445 billion rubles in prices of 2013, or about 3 thousand rubles per person per year. The amount of losses of citizens by 84% was redistributed in favor of Russian producers, 3% of importers, and 13% became net losses. Assessment of the impact of food sanctions during 2013-2018*the Loss of consumers with a negative sign signify a win, win manufacturers/importers with a minus sign means loss.The influence of predamage on different types of products unevenly. Experts divided them into three groups:the decrease in sweat��of ellenia a number of products from the sanctioned categories is also evidenced by the data of Rosstat, which last year published the results of its second survey of the diet of the population.However, the majority of respondents believe that their food has not changed or improved. The deterioration stated only 12%. It should also be noted that the Rosstat study was not associated with predamage, so it is difficult to assess whether decrease of consumption due to counter-sanctions, and how other economic factors or even health care.At the same time, according to Thomas, the majority of Russians still support the food counter and think that they have not had much impact on their lives.Olga Shkurenko, Anatoly Kostyriv, CIC “b”
