Territory of the state Museum-reserve “Tsaritsyno” for half a century taken as the sample of archaeological micro-region. About how in these places began the excavation that has been proven with their help, and what questions scientists remained unanswered — in the material mos.ru and the Agency “Moscow”.
the Scientific study of the material culture of Tsaritsyn and its environs began in the second half of the nineteenth century. A magnet for the then historians, archaeologists and anthropologists have served numerous burial mounds vyatichey — the Union of Eastern Slavic tribes, which in the VIII—XIII centuries inhabited the basin of the Upper and Middle Oka, including the areas of present-day Moscow and the Moscow region. attracted the attention of descendants of the past — for example, the most detailed image applied to the plan of the village of Black Mud, composed in 1775 in connection with the purchase of Catherine II holdings, soon renamed in honor of the Queen.
Due to the ease of detection and the proximity to Moscow barrows later became a testing ground for Russian archaeologists. Unfortunately, their visibility had many of these ancient tombs at various times suffered serious damage from Amateurs and robbers.
the First official excavations were carried out in 1872 by members of the ethnographic Department of the society of lovers of natural science, anthropology and Ethnography, educated at the University of Moscow. Nine years later, the remains of an ancient culture near the village of Tsaritsyno studied the members and students of the St. Petersburg Imperial archaeological Institute, it is believed that it is their findings now form the core of
In the 1890s research in Tsaritsyno Park had two of Moscow’s leading archaeologist of the time — the founder of the Historical Museum of Ivan Zabelin and scientific Secretary of the same Museum Vladimir Sizov. And this is not a complete list of the archaeological works carried out on the territory of Museum-reserve in the pre-revolutionary years.
Thanks to the excavations of that period formed a distinctive collection among which the bladed temple rings, pendants-lunnitsy, lattice rings, carnelian and quartz beads, twisted bracelets, neck necklaces of the hryvnia, the hangers-bells. Found household items, and pottery helped to reconstruct the lives of these predecessors of the Muscovites.
since 1920-ies of the excavations and description of the state Tsaritsyno mounds was carried out in almost every decade. Research has not stopped even during the war — a landmark for the Moscow archeology began excavations of 1944, conducted by five professors of Moscow state University: Artemy Artsikhovsky, Vladimir Blavatsky, Boris Grakov, George Debarim and Sergey Kiselev. Then was first found iron carpentry tool that has become scientific��Oh sensation. Until then, work tools, except knives and sickles, these mounds were not caught.
the Study Vyatichi burial mounds continues to this day.
the accumulation of anthropological information about the Vyatichi the focus of researchers of the territory of Tsaritsyno has expanded. Since the 1970s, archaeologists began to pay more attention to artifacts relating to the iron age and the middle Ages.
As with Vyatichi, again not without the finds, Dating from the late bronze — early iron age showed that the Slavs were not the first inhabitants of these places. In Tsaritsyn were found objects fatyanovo (III Millennium BC) and Dyakovo (VII century BC — V century BC) archaeological cultures. Identified in one of these settlements, defensive moat dates back to a time not later than the VIII−VI centuries BC. Thus, he became one of the earliest fortifications on the territory of modern Moscow and the Moscow region.
the Findings have allowed archaeologists to link settlements in Tsaritsyno Park located only a few kilometers in pravednik of the oldest permanent settlements in Moscow. It lasted over a thousand years, and now his traces are found on the territory of the Museum-reserve “Kolomenskoye”. According to the researchers, some of the local villages could be part of a unified, complexly organized settlement structure with the center in Djakovo settlement.
One of the richest archaeological finds of settlements on the territory of the Museum-reserve is located on a high Cape of the right Bank of the Upper Tsaritsyno pond. In a scientific environment entrenched behind the name “Tsaritsyno-1″ and “Ceres”, after the stone gazebo, rotunda “Temple of Ceres” built in 1805.
the Study of Tsaritsyn-1 began in 2002. Numerous findings, primarily fragments of pottery, allow the confinement of the four times that this place was inhabited by people who — fatyanovo culture of the bronze age, the turn of the bronze and iron ages, pozdnyakovsky the period of the first centuries of our era and the middle Ages. Dating of the medieval settlement helps pottery found.
within a radius of 500 meters from Tsaritsyn-1 was discovered three villages of the XII century, and at the Cape village of the XIV century, which probably lasted until the reign of Ivan the terrible. Why the inhabitants left unknown.
With the expansion of the territory survey in 2003, the district had identified six new settlements of XII−XIII centuries — settlements Tsaritsyno-2, 3, 4, 5, Shipilova-1 and Borisovo-1.
the earliest surviving documentary mention of this area called “the wasteland of Black Dirt” (and its derivatives) to refer to the end of the XVI century. Then she was part of the possessions of the Palace��vogo village of Kolomenskoye. There is a theory that at the time these lands passed to the family of Godunov, but it is still not confirmed.
the Greater part of the seventeenth century masters of Black Mud and the surrounding area were the nobles Streshneva, and at the end of the century — kindred At Golitsyn manor experienced an economic boom, however, this princely family fell into disgrace after the fall of the Princess Sophia. In the 1710s, established on the throne of Peter I granted it possession of the Walachian (Moldavian) the gospodar Dmitry Kantemir, which he was awarded a princely title. The heirs of the Cantemir estate belonged to the last quarter of the eighteenth century, when it was bought for the construction of the suburban Imperial residence fascinated by the beauty of local ponds, Catherine II.
Archaeological finds “dvorcovaja” relatively modest period Golitsyn represented by a collection of stove tiles, fragments of pottery, coins and household items. From the period these have remained the same artifacts, also preserved the building of the temple of icon of mother of God life-giving spring, built in 1759-1765 years in style and partially rebuilt in the XIX century. Also in 2005-2006, it was possible to identify fragments of shells of cellars first half of the eighteenth century and the foundations of several buildings of manor Kantemirov.
the Next period in the history of Tsaritsyn is connected with architecturology, one after another, trying to cater to the changing tastes of the Empress. Bazhenov supervised the construction in the years 1775-1785, but he built the main Palace of Catherine did not like and she was ordered to disassemble it to the ground, and the architect to fire. In 1785-1796-x resumed on the construction site was headed by the Cossacks, but in the last years of her life the Empress completely lost interest in this project and it was never completed before her death.
the above-Described circumstances put before the architectural historians question: contribution to the work on the Tsaritsyno ensemble each of the two prominent architects? The answers lie in the study of existing buildings of Tsaritsyn, and also in search of traces of lost buildings. Archaeologists identified the foundations of the so-called grandchildren of the Palace (building, intended for the grandchildren of Catherine II) and the house of the ruler, which was demolished in 1803. During the reconstruction of the Grand Palace in one of the halls were open fragments of masonry and the Foundation of the furnace of the XVIII century. We study the fragments of the drains, which connected the various buildings.
A smaller-scale findings: this white stone details Bazhenov structures, fragments of floor tiles, glazed tiles and tiles, bricks with stamps and remains of metal construction fasteners and various household objects of the construction — pipes, coins, pottery. There are among the findings of archaeologists �� chronologically closer to modern man objects they refer to the holiday period in Tsaritsyn (XIX — beginning of XX century) and the Soviet period.
the richness of the historical district of Tsaritsyno in the archeological finds shows a permanent exhibition, which operates the Museum-reserve since 2009.
